A Century of Anglo-American Human Geography 英美人文地理学的百年演变

Ron Johnston wrote the first edition of Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945 in 1979 and kept rewriting it for the rest of his life. James Sidaway joined for the sixth edition in 2004; together they delivered a seventh in 2016. Read end to end across forty-seven years and roughly nine hundred pages, the book is the closest thing the English-speaking discipline has to an authorised chronicle of itself. It is also a quiet polemic. The longer Johnston wrote, the less the chronicle reads as a sequence of revolutions and the more it reads as a layering. Each edition adds a band without erasing the bands beneath.

The accepted shorthand has always been turns. The quantitative turn began with Fred Schaefer's 1953 attack on Hartshorne's regional tradition and crystallised in the Washington school of the late 1950s — Garrison and his students Bunge, Berry, Marble — and in Peter Haggett's Locational Analysis at Bristol. By 1969, Harvey's Explanation in Geography read like the field's general theory. Within four years he had renounced it: Social Justice and the City (1973) opened a Marxist / radical turn that the journal Antipode had been preparing since 1969. Almost in parallel, Yi-Fu Tuan's Topophilia (1974) and Anne Buttimer's work on lifeworld defined a humanistic counter-turn — phenomenology, sense-of-place, the experiencing subject. The 1980s added a structurationist / realist register (Sayer, Pred, Gregory reading Giddens) and then the cultural turn (Cosgrove and Daniels, Jackson, Soja); the feminist intervention (McDowell, Rose, Gibson-Graham) ran alongside both. In 1993 a meeting in Friday Harbor brought GIS scientists into a room with critical theorists and produced, via Pickles's Ground Truth (1995), the critical-GIS turn this column is named for. Since 2000: Thrift's non-representational theory, Whatmore's hybrid / more-than-human geographies, and the still-active planetary / decolonial rewriting of who the discipline is supposed to be for.

The streamgraph is the right shape for this history. A relay race would put each turn in sequence, baton handed cleanly forward; geography did not do that. Hartshorne's regional thinking did not vanish when quantification arrived — it sat in textbooks and area-studies programmes for another fifty years. Quantitative geography did not vanish when Marxism arrived — it migrated, picked up GIS in the late 1980s, and is now the largest single band on the chart. Marxist geography did not vanish when the cultural turn arrived — Harvey kept publishing, the journal Antipode kept running, and post-2008 the band thickened again. What the discipline has actually done across these eight decades is thicken. New questions were added; old questions were rarely subtracted. Johnston, edition after edition, was documenting exactly that — and the seventh edition has more bands than the first because the chart was honest about it.

What the streamgraph deliberately leaves out. The institutional politics behind each turn — Harvard's closure of geography in 1948, the AAG's slow centre, the journals (Antipode 1969, Society and Space 1983, Gender, Place & Culture 1994) that midwifed each new band, the geographies outside the Anglo-American frame that the book's subtitle quietly admits it is not telling. A more honest eighth edition would widen the frame.

Ron Johnston 1979 年写下《Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945》第一版，之后一辈子都在改这本书。 James Sidaway 在 2004 年第六版加入；两人合作的第七版于 2016 年问世。 四十七年、九百来页通读下来，这本书是英语世界这门学科最接近"官方编年史" 的东西。它同时也是一份安静的论辩——Johnston 写得越久，这部编年史 越不像一连串革命，越像一层一层叠加。每一版都新加一条带， 却从不擦掉下面的带。

惯用的简写是转向。计量转向始于 Fred Schaefer 1953 年 对 Hartshorne 区域学派的攻击，在 1950 年代末"华盛顿大学学派" （Garrison 与他的学生 Bunge、Berry、Marble）和 Peter Haggett 在 Bristol 写的《Locational Analysis》中成形。到 1969 年， Harvey 的《Explanation in Geography》几乎可以读作整个领域的总论。 不到四年，他亲手推翻了它：Social Justice and the City（1973） 开启了马克思 / 激进转向，期刊 Antipode 自 1969 年起 就在为它做准备。几乎同时，段义孚的《Topophilia》（1974） 与 Anne Buttimer 关于"生活世界"的研究，定义出一种人本主义 反向转——现象学、地方感、有体验的主体。1980 年代再加上 结构化 / 现实主义（Sayer、Pred、Gregory 读 Giddens）， 接着是文化转向（Cosgrove 与 Daniels、Jackson、Soja）； 女性主义介入（McDowell、Rose、Gibson-Graham）与这两条并行。 1993 年，圣胡安岛上的"周五港会议"把 GIS 科学家与批判理论家请进同一间屋子， 经由 Pickles 主编的《Ground Truth》（1995），催生了 批判 GIS 转向——也就是这个专栏名字的来由。2000 年以后： Thrift 的非表征理论、Whatmore 的混合 / 超越人地理， 以及仍在持续中的行星 / 解殖对"这门学科到底为谁而做"的重新提问。

河流图是这段历史正确的形状。如果是一场接力赛，每一种转向接过棒、 干净地往前传——但人文地理并不是这样。Hartshorne 的区域思路并没有 在计量到来时消失，它在教科书和区域研究项目里又多活了五十年。 计量地理也没有在马克思主义到来时消失——它换了个壳，1980 年代末 接上 GIS，到今天反而成了图上最厚的一条带。马克思地理也没有在文化转向 到来时消失——Harvey 一直在写，Antipode 一直在出， 2008 年之后这条带又开始变粗。这门学科八十年里真正做的事情是变厚： 新问题不断加入，老问题很少被减去。Johnston 一版一版做的，正是把这件事 记录下来——第七版比第一版多出的那几条带，是这张图诚实地承认的。

这张图刻意没画的东西。每一次转向背后的机构政治—— 1948 年哈佛关掉地理系、AAG 缓慢的中间地带、那些为新条带接生的期刊 （Antipode 1969、Society and Space 1983、 Gender, Place & Culture 1994）；以及书名"Anglo-American" 默认它没在讲的、英美框架之外的那些地理学。更诚实的第八版， 应当把框架放宽。